A Brief Timeline of Internet Developments

1958 US ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) established to lead science
           and military technological developments.
1961 MIT research paper of Packet Switching Theory.
1961-69 Ongoing research into inter-computer communications and networks.
1969 ARPANET, commissioned by US Defense Department, goes live.
         US universities connect up network facilities for the first time.
1971 Ray Tomlinson creates first network email application.
1973 Development of protocols to enable multi-network Internet opportunities.
         First international ARPANET connections made.
1976 HM Queen Elizabeth II sends an email.
1978 First spam email is recorded.
1980 Tim Berners-Lee develops rules for the World Wide Web and is credited as the
          Web Father.
         Alan Emtage develops the first search tool known as ‘ARCHIE’.
1982 Standard network protocols are established: Transmission Control Protocol
           (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), commonly referred to as TCIP/IP.
1984 Joint Academic Network (JANET) is established, linking higher education
         institutions.
         Domain Name System (DNS) is introduced.
1985 A company named Symbolics becomes the first registered dot.com domain.
1987 National Science Foundation (US) is the catalyst for the surge in funded work
         into the Internet.
         Number of Internet hosts increases significantly in this period. 
1988-90  28 countries sign up to hook up to the NSFNET, reinforcing international
              Internet potential.
1990 Senator Al Gore coins the term ‘information superhighway’.
1991 Web Father, Tim Berners-Lee releases World Wide Web (www) with scientists
         from CERN.
1992 America Online (AOL) is launched and raises $23m in floatation.
        The term ‘surfing the net’ is introduced by Jean Armour Polly.
         The World Bank goes online.
1993 Mainstream media attention increases awareness of the Internet.
        First Internet publication. Wired, goes on sale.
        Mosaic introduces the first web browser with graphical interface and is the
        forerunner of Netscape Navigator.
        First online shopping malls and virtual banks emerge as does evidence of
        spam.
        First clickable banner advert is sold by Global Network Navigator to a law firm.
1995 Amazon is launched by Jeff Bezos.
         Trial dial-up systems such as AOL and CompuServe launch.
        Charging is introduced for domain names.
        Search technology companies such as Alta Vista, Infoseek, Excite and
        Metacrawler rapidly appear.
1996 Yahoo! is launched on the stock exchange and shares are up nearly 300% on
        first day.
1997 MP3.com is founded.
        The term “search engine optimisation” is used for the first time in a forum.
1998 XML is released to enable compatibility between different computer systems.
        Google founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin.
1999 Peter Merholz coins the word “blog”.
2000 AOL and Time-Warner announce they are merging.
         Pay per Click campaigns are introduced for top ten search rankings.
         Google AdWords launches, charging for adverts on a CPM basis.

2002 UK online monthly consumer shopping breaks through the £1 billion barrier.
         Google AdWords charges on a PPC basis instead of CPM.
2003 eBay topples Amazon as the most visited UK website.
2004 CD-WOW loses court case and rights to source cheaper CDs outside EU,
          undermining the global concept of the Internet.
         Facebook launches from the Harvard dorm room of Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin
         Moskovitz, Chris Hughes and Eduardo Saverin.
2005 Iceland leads the world with broadband penetration: 26.7 inhabitants per 100
         have broadband compared with 15.9 per 100 in the UK.
         Launch of YouTube.
         Google buys Android Inc.
2006 Google buys YouTube for $1.6 billion.
         Facebook membership opens to anyone.
         Twitter launches.
         Technorati notes that a blog is created every second of every day.
         Time Magazine names “You” as person of the year, due to online activity.
2007 Facebook launches Facebook Ads.
         Apple launches the iPhone.
         Google Phone, with the Android operating system, launches.
2008 Firefox 3.0 launches with over 8 million downloads in 24 hours.
         Groupon launches, to become the fastest growing company of all time.
         Google Chrome, a browser, launches.
         Apple launches the App Store.
2009 Facebook adds “like” feature.
         Foursquare launches.
2010 Facebook reaches 500 million users.
        24 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute.
        Launch of Google Instant.
        Google launches Nexus One.
        Internet usage tops 1 966 514 816 worldwide.
2011 200 million tweets are sent daily on Twitter - about one billion a week.
       Social media is credited with a crucial role in political movements in Egypt,
       Tunisia and Libya.
       Apple’s App Store downloads top 10 billion.
       Google + launches.

APTITUDE TEST SOLUTION 1

1.King : Throne : : Rider : ?

(A)Seat (B)Horse (C)Saddle (D)Chair

Ans: (C)

Explanation: A king sits on throne and a rider on a saddle .

2.Taxonomy:Classification::Pedology:?

(a)Nature(b)Farming(c)Soil(d)Mountain

Ans:(c)

Exp:Taxonomy is the science dealing with classification. Similarly,pedology deals with study of soils.

3.Winter : Hibernation : : Summer : ?

(a)Survival (b)Activation (c)Aestivation (d)Cache

Ans: (c)

Exp: Winter sleep of animals is called hibernation and summer sleep is called aestivation.

4. Foresight : Anticipation : : Insomnia : ?

(a)Diamond (b)Iron (c)Sleeplessness (d)Gems

Ans: (c)

Exp: The words in each pair are synonyms.

ODD MAN OUT SERIES

5 a.Lion:roar b. snake:hiss

c. bees:hum d. frog:bleat

Ans: (d)

Explanation:

In all other pairs second one is the noise produced by the

first.

6 a.beans:pluse b. rice:cereals

c.tea:beverage: d.legumes:nodules

Ans: (d)

Explanation:

In all other pairs ,second denotes the the class to which the

first belongs.

7. a. Abominable b.tempestuous

c.abhorrent d.detestable

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

tempestuous = resembling pertaining to violent storm. All other are related to hateful.

8. a. reprimand b. dissipate

c. chastise d. castigate

Ans: (b)

Explanation:

dissipate = to scatter, to dispel . All other words are related to criticism.

9 A) Cathedral B) Mosque C) Church D) Monastery E) Temple

Ans:- (D)

Exp:- Here all except Monastery are places of worship, While monastery is a place where monks stay

10. A) Epicentre B) Sesimology C) Focus D) Crater E) Richter Scale

Ans:- (C) Exp:- All except Crater are the terms related to the Earth Quakes.

11)Two pipes A& B can fill a tank in 36 hours and 45 hours respectively. If both the pipes are opened simultaneously, how much time will be taken to fill the tank? 

Sol: Part filled by A in 1 hour=1/36 

Part filled by B in 1 hour= 1/45; 

Part filled by (A+B)'s in 1 hour=1/36 +1/45= 9/180 =1/20 

Hence, both the pipes together will fill the tank in 20 hours. 

12)Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 hours & 12 hours respectively. While 3rd pipe empties the full tank n 20 hours. If all the three pipes operate simultaneously,in how much time will the tank be filled?

 Sol: Net part filled in 1 hour=1/10 +1/12 -1/20 =8/60=2/15

 The tank be filled in 15/2hours= 7 hrs 30 min

13)A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty the full tan in 8 hr. An inlet pipe fills water at the rate of 6 lits a minute. When the tank is full, the inlet is opened and due to the leak, the tank is empty in 12 hrs. How many liters does the cistern hold? 

 Sol: Work done by the inlet in 1 hr= 1/8 -1/12=1/24 Work done by the inlet in i min= (1/24)*(1/60)=1/1440 Therefore, Volume of 1/1440 part=6 lit Volume of whole=(1440*6) lit=8640 lit. 

14)Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern in 37 ½ min and 45 minutes respectively. Both the pipes are opened. The cistern will be filled in just half an hour, if the pipe B is turned off after: 

sol: Let B be turned off after x min. 

Then, Part filled by (A+B) in x min+ part filled by A in (30-x)min=1 

Therefore, x(2/75+1/45)+(30-x)(2/75)=1 11x/225 + (60-2x)/75=1 11x+ 180-6x=225 x=9.

 So, B must be turned off after 9 minutes.

 15)A train M leaves Meerat at 5 am and reaches Delhi at 9am . Another train N leaves Delhi at 7am and reaches Meerut at 1030am At what time do the 2 trains cross one another 

Solution:: Let the distance between Meerut & Delhi be x they meet after y hr

 after 7am M covers x in 4hr N covers x in 3 ½ i.e 7/2 hr

 speed of M =x/4 

speed of N = 2x/7

 Distance covered by M in y+2 hr + Distance covered by N in y hr is x x/4 (y+2) +2x/7(y)=x y=14/15hr or 56 min 

16)A man takes 5hr 45min in walking to certain place and riding back. He would have gained 2hrs by riding both ways.The time he would take to walk both ways is? 

Solution:: Let x be the speed of walked Let y be the speed of ride Let D be the distance 

Then D/x + D/y = 23/4 hr -------1

 D/y + D/y = 23/4 – 2 hr D/y = 15/8 --------2 

substitute 2 in 1 D/x + 15/8 = 23/4 D/x = 23/4 -15/8 =46-15/8 =31/8 

Time taken for walk one way is 31/8 hr 

time taken to walk to and fro is 2*31/8 = 31/4 hr =7 hr 45 min

 

17. In what ratio must rice at Rs 9.30 per Kg be mixed with rice at Rs 10.80 per Kg so that the mixture be worth Rs 10 per Kg?

 Solution: C.P of 1 Kg rice of 1st kind 930 p C.P of 1 Kg rice of 2nd kind 1080p Mean Price 1000p 80 70 Required ratio=80:70 = 8:7 

 18.How much water must be added to 60 liters of milk at 11/2 liters for Rs 20 so as to have a mixture worth Rs 10 2/3 a liter? 

Solution: C.P of 1 lit of milk = 20*2/3 = 40/3 C.P of 1 lit of water 0 C.P of 1 lit of milk 40/3 

Mean Price 32/3 8/3 32/3 Ratio of water and milk =8/3 : 32/3 = 1:4 

Quantity of water to be added to 60 lit of milk=1/4*60=15 liters.

19One side of a rectangular field is 15m and one of its diagonal is 17m. Find the area of field? 

Sol:Other side = √[(17*17) – (15*15)] = √(289-225) = 8m Area = 15 * 8 =120 sq. m

 20.A lawn is in the form of a rectangle having its sides in the ratio 2:3 The area of the lawn is 1/6 hectares. Find the length and breadth of the lawn. 

Sol: let length = 2x meters and breadth = 3x mt Now area = (1/6 * 1000)sq m = 5000/3 sq m 2x * 3x = 5000/3 =>x * x =2500 / 9 x = 50/3 length = 2x = 100/3 m and breadth = 3x = 3*(50/3) = 50m 

21.Find the cost of carpeting a room 13m long and 9m broad with a carpet 75cm wide at the rate of Rs 12.40 per sq meter

 Sol: Area of the carpet = Area of the room = 13* 9 =117 sq m length of the carpet = (Area/width) = 117 * (4/3) = 156 m Cost of carpeting = Rs (156 * 12.40) = Rs 1934.40 

22.The length of a rectangle is twice its breadth if its length is decreased by 5cm and breadth is increased by 5cm, the area of the rectangle is increased by 75 sq cm. Find the length of the rectangle. 

Sol: let length = 2x and breadth = x then (2x-5) (x+5) – (2x*x)=75 5x-25 = 75 => x=20

length of the rectangle = 40 cm

23.In one hour a boat goes 11 km long the stream and 5 km against the stream. The speed of the boat in still water is?

 Sol: Speed in still water = ½ ( 11+5) km/hr= 8 kmph 

24.A man can row 18 kmph in still water. It takes him thrice as long as row up as to row down the river. find the rate of stream. 

Sol: Let man's rate up stream be xkmph then, in still water =1/2[3x+x]=2x kmph so, 2x= 18, x=9 rate upstream =9kmph rate downstream =27 kmph rate of stream = ½ [27-9] = 9kmph 

25.At his usual rowing rate, Rahul 12 miles down stream in a certain river in 6 hrs less than it takes him to travel the same distence upstream. but if he could double his usual rowing rate for his 24 miles roundthe down stream 12 miles would then take only one hour less than the up stream 12 miles. what is the speed of the current in miles per hours? 

Sol: Let the speed in still water be x mph and the speed of the current be y mph.

 then, speed upstream = (x-y) 

speed downstream =(x+y) 12/(x-y) - 12/(x+y) = 6 6(x2 – y2) m= 2xy => x2 – y2 =4y -(1) and 12/(2x-y) - 12/(2x+y) =1 => 4x2 – y2 = 24y x2= ( 24y + y2)/4 -->(2) 

 from 1 and 2 we have 4y+ y2 =( 24y+y2)/4 y=8/3 mph y= 22/3 mph

10 Difference Between Software Project and Normal Project

How Software Project Management Is Different

 The biggest difference between software and the products of other kinds of projects is it's not physical. Software consists of ideas, designs, instructions and formulas. Creating software is almost entirely a cognitive activity. The stuff we can see and measure, from code files They stand in for the real stuff, vs. the other way around. Still, software only matters when it appears as something real, even as barely real as colored squiggles on a computer screen. Maintaining that connection from thought stuff to real stuff is one of software's peculiar challenges.In comparing the management of different projects, the first trap that many people fall into is that they do not differentiate between managing the technology and managing the project process. Certainly there is a lot of difference between managing how concrete is placed and how the interface in a software development is placed on a computer screen. 

But how much difference does that make to managing either project in terms of scope, quality, time, cost, risk and so on?

You can see both, even though you may not be able to see the technological processes behind either. Nevertheless, yes, there are differences but they have to do with the sophistication of the technology involved and the types of people needed for the work. For example, construction is considered to be "well established" while software development is "recent, and technologically advanced", but is certainly not unique in this regard. 

S.No	Feature	Software Project	Ordinary Project
1	Tangible	Not Tangible	It is tangible
2	End Product	Not clearly defined	Very clearly defined
3	Production	No fixed production plan, difficult to monitor and track	Fixed production plan which can be tracked
4	Productivity	Productivity varies greatly with change in technology or worker	Productivity does not vary much
5	Project Methodology	Varies widely based on project	Typically standard
6	Management methodology	Managing a software project is more managing interpersonal communication and less administration.	It is more about maintaining schedule and good administration
7	Transfer of Ownership	The transfer of software is tricky as the organisation doesn’t own the hardware which runs the software	Transfer is easy as the company own the project till it hands over
8	Multitasking	Difficult to multitask the resources	Production resources can be used for multiple projects
9	Personalisation	It is very easy to change product as per customer requirement at any time.	Can be personalized to a certain extent, but difficult in the middle of the project
10	Leadership	Software Projects need leaders and managers, not just administrators.	A capable administrator is enough to run an ordinary project.

E -Marketing Introduction

E-marketing

E-marketing refers to the use of the Internet and digital media capabilities to help sell your products or services. These digital technologies are a valuable addition to traditional marketing approaches regardless of the size and type of your business. E-marketing is also referred to as Internet marketing (i-marketing), online marketing or web-marketing.

As with conventional marketing, e-marketing is creating a strategy that helps businesses deliver the right messages and product/services to the right audience. It consists of all activities and processes with the purpose of finding, attracting, winning and retaining customers. What has changed is its wider scope and options compared to conventional marketing methods.

E-marketing is deemed to be broad in scope, because it not only refers to marketing and promotions over the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media. E-marketing also embraces the management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) and several other business management functions.

E-marketing joins creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including: design, development, advertising and sales. It includes the use of a website in combination with online promotional techniques such as search engine marketing (SEM), social medial marketing, interactive online ads, online directories, e-mail marketing, affiliate marketing, viral marketing and so on. The digital technologies used as delivery and communication mediums within the scope of e-marketing include: 

• Internet media such as websites and e-mail
• Digital media such as wireless, mobile, cable and satellite. 

WEB 2.0 

There are many technical definitions for WEB 2.0 but a simple definition can be as follows

Web 1.0 : Connects people to computer networks
Web 2.0 :  Connects people with machines and also with each other in social networks

The web pages that are generated by internet users are called User generated Media

Web 2.0 is the term given to describe a second generation of the World Wide Web that is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information on-line. Web 2.0 basically refers to the transition from static HTML Web pages to a more dynamic Web that is more organized and is based on serving Web applications to users.

  Changes influencing E- Marketing:

• power shift from sellers to buyers
• search engines are now reputation engines
• connections are critical
• high broadband adoption at home
• marketing investments are moving on-line
• market and media fragmentation
• appliance convergence
• increasing wireless networks

Following are some of the benefits of e-marketing :

• Wider prospect reach – the internet has become part of everyone’s life. So for whatever products you offer, there is already an existing market on the World Wide Web. With e-marketing, it allows you to find new markets and potentially compete worldwide with only a small investment.
  
• Cost-effective approach – A properly planned and effectively targeted e-marketing campaign can  reach target customers at a much lower cost compared to traditional marketing methods.
  
• Reduction in costs through automation and use of electronic media – e-marketing presents a strong business case in cost savings, particularly in the areas of transactional costs, customer service, digital media channels, print and distribution.
  
• 24/7 marketing - with a website  customers can find out about  products and make purchases even if physical  premises are closed or not available.
  
• Personalised one-on-one marketing - e-marketing allows to reach people who want to know about various products and services instantly. For example, many people take mobile phones and PDAs wherever they go. By combining this with personalised e-marketing, you can create very influential and targeted campaigns.
  
• Increased interactivity – e-marketing allows us to create interactive campaigns using music, graphics and videos. Through two-way communications, interactive games or quizzes, we can engage the audience and give them greater involvement and control over their web experience.
  
• Increased ability to track results – e-marketing makes it easier to measure how effective the campaigns are. It allows the marketer to obtain detailed information about customers' responses to  advertising, through the use of methods such as pay per click or pay per action, etc. 

E-marketing Objectives

 

E-marketing objectives define what you want to achieve through your e-marketing campaign. They set the reasons why your business wants to go online and allow you to estimate and monitor the progress of your online marketing activities. They also provide an incentive to focus on critical areas and formulate strategies to help achieve intended objectives.
Different businesses may develop different e-marketing objectives depending on their individual circumstances. A useful framework for developing effective e-marketing objectives is the five S’s framework, which includes:

1. Sell –  using the internet to sell products and services
2. Serve – using the internet to serve customers
3. Speak – using the internet to communicate with  customers (both existing and potential)
4. Save – using the internet to save/ reduce cost
5. Sizzle – using the internet to build brand identity

 When setting your e-marketing objectives, you need to make sure that they are:

• Specific – specify what is to be achieved
• Measurable – expressed in measurable terms such as key performance indicators, outcomes, numbers, percentage, dollars, etc. 
• Action-oriented – state which actions need to be taken and who will take them
• Realistic – achievable with the resources available
• Time Specific – establish specified time frames.

 Examples of some typical e-marketing objectives could be:

• To achieve 20% online sales within the first year of launching online marketing campaigns.
• To increase online sales for all products by 15% .
• To grow email coverage to 50% of the current customer base by the end of next year.
• To reduce the annual cost of direct marketing by 20% through e-mail marketing.